name: sass-best-practices
description: Sass (indented syntax) best practices and coding guidelines for clean, maintainable stylesheets

Sass Best Practices

You are an expert in Sass (the indented syntax), CSS architecture, and maintainable stylesheet development.

Key Principles

• Write clean, readable Sass using the indented syntax (whitespace-sensitive)
• Leverage Sass features to create DRY, modular stylesheets
• Maintain consistent indentation as it defines code structure
• Prioritize simplicity and clarity in style organization

Sass vs SCSS

Sass uses the original indented syntax:
- No curly braces {}
- No semicolons ;
- Indentation defines nesting
- File extension: .sass

// Sass (indented syntax)
.button
  display: inline-flex
  padding: 8px 16px
  background: #3498db

  &:hover
    background: darken(#3498db, 10%)

// SCSS syntax (for comparison)
.button {
  display: inline-flex;
  padding: 8px 16px;
  background: #3498db;

  &:hover {
    background: darken(#3498db, 10%);
  }
}

File Organization

Project Structure

sass/
├── abstracts/
│   ├── _variables.sass
│   ├── _functions.sass
│   ├── _mixins.sass
│   └── _placeholders.sass
├── base/
│   ├── _reset.sass
│   ├── _typography.sass
│   └── _base.sass
├── components/
│   ├── _buttons.sass
│   ├── _cards.sass
│   └── _forms.sass
├── layout/
│   ├── _header.sass
│   ├── _footer.sass
│   └── _grid.sass
├── pages/
│   └── _home.sass
├── themes/
│   └── _default.sass
├── vendors/
│   └── _normalize.sass
└── main.sass

Main Manifest

// main.sass
@use 'abstracts/variables'
@use 'abstracts/functions'
@use 'abstracts/mixins'
@use 'abstracts/placeholders'

@use 'vendors/normalize'

@use 'base/reset'
@use 'base/typography'
@use 'base/base'

@use 'layout/grid'
@use 'layout/header'
@use 'layout/footer'

@use 'components/buttons'
@use 'components/cards'
@use 'components/forms'

@use 'pages/home'

@use 'themes/default'

Variables

Naming and Organization

// _variables.sass

// Colors
$color-primary: #3498db
$color-primary-light: lighten($color-primary, 15%)
$color-primary-dark: darken($color-primary, 15%)
$color-secondary: #2ecc71
$color-text: #333333
$color-text-muted: #666666
$color-background: #ffffff
$color-border: #e0e0e0
$color-error: #e74c3c
$color-success: #27ae60
$color-warning: #f39c12

// Typography
$font-family-base: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif
$font-family-heading: 'Georgia', serif
$font-size-base: 1rem
$font-size-small: 0.875rem
$font-size-large: 1.25rem
$font-weight-normal: 400
$font-weight-bold: 700
$line-height-base: 1.5

// Spacing Scale
$spacing-unit: 8px
$spacing-xs: $spacing-unit * 0.5
$spacing-sm: $spacing-unit
$spacing-md: $spacing-unit * 2
$spacing-lg: $spacing-unit * 3
$spacing-xl: $spacing-unit * 4
$spacing-xxl: $spacing-unit * 6

// Breakpoints
$breakpoint-sm: 576px
$breakpoint-md: 768px
$breakpoint-lg: 992px
$breakpoint-xl: 1200px

// Z-index Scale
$z-index-dropdown: 1000
$z-index-sticky: 1020
$z-index-fixed: 1030
$z-index-modal: 1050
$z-index-tooltip: 1070

// Transitions
$transition-base: 0.3s ease
$transition-fast: 0.15s ease
$transition-slow: 0.5s ease

// Border Radius
$border-radius-sm: 2px
$border-radius-md: 4px
$border-radius-lg: 8px
$border-radius-pill: 50px

// Shadows
$shadow-sm: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05)
$shadow-md: 0 4px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1)
$shadow-lg: 0 10px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1)

Using Maps

// Define maps for grouped values
$colors: ("primary": #3498db, "secondary": #2ecc71, "danger": #e74c3c, "warning": #f39c12, "success": #27ae60)

$breakpoints: ("sm": 576px, "md": 768px, "lg": 992px, "xl": 1200px)

// Access values
.element
  color: map-get($colors, "primary")

Mixins

Responsive Design

// _mixins.sass

=respond-to($breakpoint)
  @if map-has-key($breakpoints, $breakpoint)
    @media (min-width: map-get($breakpoints, $breakpoint))
      @content
  @else
    @warn "Unknown breakpoint: #{$breakpoint}"

// Usage
.element
  width: 100%

  +respond-to("md")
    width: 50%

  +respond-to("lg")
    width: 33.333%

Flexbox Utilities

=flex-center
  display: flex
  align-items: center
  justify-content: center

=flex-between
  display: flex
  align-items: center
  justify-content: space-between

=flex-column
  display: flex
  flex-direction: column

// Usage
.container
  +flex-center
  min-height: 100vh

Typography

=font-size($size, $line-height: null)
  font-size: $size
  @if $line-height
    line-height: $line-height

=truncate($lines: 1)
  @if $lines == 1
    white-space: nowrap
    overflow: hidden
    text-overflow: ellipsis
  @else
    display: -webkit-box
    -webkit-line-clamp: $lines
    -webkit-box-orient: vertical
    overflow: hidden

// Usage
.title
  +font-size(2rem, 1.2)

.description
  +truncate(3)

Accessibility

=visually-hidden
  position: absolute
  width: 1px
  height: 1px
  padding: 0
  margin: -1px
  overflow: hidden
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0)
  white-space: nowrap
  border: 0

=focus-visible
  &:focus-visible
    outline: 2px solid $color-primary
    outline-offset: 2px

// Usage
.sr-only
  +visually-hidden

.interactive
  +focus-visible

Button Styles

=button-base
  display: inline-flex
  align-items: center
  justify-content: center
  padding: $spacing-sm $spacing-md
  border: none
  border-radius: $border-radius-md
  font-family: inherit
  font-size: $font-size-base
  font-weight: $font-weight-bold
  text-decoration: none
  cursor: pointer
  transition: all $transition-base

  &:disabled
    opacity: 0.5
    cursor: not-allowed

=button-variant($bg-color, $text-color: white)
  +button-base
  background: $bg-color
  color: $text-color

  &:hover:not(:disabled)
    background: darken($bg-color, 10%)

  &:active:not(:disabled)
    background: darken($bg-color, 15%)

// Usage
.btn-primary
  +button-variant($color-primary)

.btn-secondary
  +button-variant($color-secondary)

.btn-danger
  +button-variant($color-error)

BEM Naming Convention

// Block
.card
  background: $color-background
  border-radius: $border-radius-md
  box-shadow: $shadow-md

  // Element
  &__header
    padding: $spacing-md
    border-bottom: 1px solid $color-border

  &__title
    margin: 0
    font-size: $font-size-large
    font-weight: $font-weight-bold

  &__body
    padding: $spacing-md

  &__footer
    padding: $spacing-md
    border-top: 1px solid $color-border

  // Modifier
  &--featured
    border: 2px solid $color-primary

  &--compact
    .card__header,
    .card__body,
    .card__footer
      padding: $spacing-sm

Nesting Guidelines

Keep Nesting Shallow

// BAD: Too deep
.nav
  .nav-list
    .nav-item
      .nav-link
        .nav-icon
          // 5 levels - avoid this

// GOOD: Flat BEM structure
.nav
  display: flex

.nav__list
  display: flex
  list-style: none
  margin: 0
  padding: 0

.nav__item
  margin: 0 $spacing-sm

.nav__link
  color: $color-text
  text-decoration: none

  &:hover,
  &:focus
    color: $color-primary

  &--active
    color: $color-primary
    font-weight: $font-weight-bold

Acceptable Nesting

.component
  // Pseudo-elements
  &::before,
  &::after
    content: ''

  // States
  &:hover,
  &:focus,
  &:active
    // State styles

  // Modifiers
  &--variant
    // Modifier styles

  // Media queries
  +respond-to("md")
    // Responsive styles

Functions

// _functions.sass

// Color functions
@function tint($color, $percentage)
  @return mix(white, $color, $percentage)

@function shade($color, $percentage)
  @return mix(black, $color, $percentage)

// Unit conversion
@function px-to-rem($px, $base: 16)
  @return ($px / $base) * 1rem

@function rem-to-px($rem, $base: 16)
  @return ($rem / 1rem) * $base * 1px

// Spacing helper
@function spacing($multiplier)
  @return $spacing-unit * $multiplier

// Usage
.element
  background: tint($color-primary, 20%)
  border-color: shade($color-primary, 10%)
  font-size: px-to-rem(18)
  padding: spacing(3)

Placeholders and Extend

// Define placeholders
%clearfix
  &::after
    content: ''
    display: table
    clear: both

%list-reset
  list-style: none
  margin: 0
  padding: 0

%button-reset
  appearance: none
  background: none
  border: none
  padding: 0
  font: inherit
  cursor: pointer

// Usage
.container
  @extend %clearfix

.nav-list
  @extend %list-reset

.icon-button
  @extend %button-reset

Loops and Iteration

Generate Utility Classes

// Spacing utilities
$directions: ("": "", "t": "-top", "r": "-right", "b": "-bottom", "l": "-left")

@each $abbr, $dir in $directions
  @for $i from 0 through 8
    .m#{$abbr}-#{$i}
      margin#{$dir}: spacing($i)
    .p#{$abbr}-#{$i}
      padding#{$dir}: spacing($i)

// Color utilities
@each $name, $color in $colors
  .text-#{$name}
    color: $color
  .bg-#{$name}
    background-color: $color

Grid Generation

$grid-columns: 12

@for $i from 1 through $grid-columns
  .col-#{$i}
    width: percentage($i / $grid-columns)

// Responsive columns
@each $bp, $width in $breakpoints
  @media (min-width: $width)
    @for $i from 1 through $grid-columns
      .col-#{$bp}-#{$i}
        width: percentage($i / $grid-columns)

Conditionals

=theme-button($variant)
  @if $variant == "primary"
    background: $color-primary
    color: white
  @else if $variant == "secondary"
    background: transparent
    color: $color-primary
    border: 2px solid $color-primary
  @else if $variant == "danger"
    background: $color-error
    color: white
  @else
    background: $color-text-muted
    color: white

.btn-primary
  +theme-button("primary")

.btn-secondary
  +theme-button("secondary")

Modern Module System

Using @use and @forward

// _variables.sass
$primary: #3498db

// _mixins.sass
@use 'variables' as vars

=themed-element
  color: vars.$primary

// _index.sass (barrel file)
@forward 'variables'
@forward 'mixins'

// main.sass
@use 'abstracts'

.element
  +abstracts.themed-element

Performance Tips

• Keep selector specificity low (prefer single class selectors)
• Avoid !important except for utility overrides
• Use @use instead of deprecated @import
• Limit @extend usage across files
• Compile without source maps in production
• Let autoprefixer handle vendor prefixes

Code Style Guidelines

• Use 2 spaces for indentation (critical in Sass)
• Use single quotes for strings
• One blank line between rule sets
• Group related properties together
• Comment non-obvious code
• Use meaningful variable names
• Keep lines under 80 characters when possible

Property Order

.element
  // Positioning
  position: relative
  top: 0
  right: 0
  z-index: 10

  // Display & Box Model
  display: flex
  width: 100%
  padding: $spacing-md
  margin: $spacing-sm 0

  // Typography
  font-family: $font-family-base
  font-size: $font-size-base
  line-height: $line-height-base
  color: $color-text

  // Visual
  background: $color-background
  border: 1px solid $color-border
  border-radius: $border-radius-md
  box-shadow: $shadow-sm

  // Animation
  transition: all $transition-base

  // Misc
  cursor: pointer