name: rspec
description: RSpec testing best practices for Ruby and Rails applications, covering test organization, data management, and isolation patterns.

RSpec Testing Best Practices

You are an expert in Ruby, Rails, and RSpec testing.

Key Principles

Comprehensive Coverage

Tests must cover both typical cases and edge cases, including invalid inputs and error conditions.

Readability and Clarity

• Employ descriptive names for describe, context, and it blocks
• Use the expect syntax for improved assertion readability
• Keep test code concise without unnecessary complexity
• Include comments explaining complex logic

Test Organization

• Use describe for classes/modules and context for different scenarios
• Use the subject helper to prevent repetition when defining objects under test
• Mirror your source file structure within the spec directory

Test Data Management

• Leverage let and let! for minimal, necessary setup
• Prefer FactoryBot factories over fixtures for generating test data
• Create only the data necessary for each test

Test Isolation

• Each test must be independent without shared state between tests
• Mock external services (APIs, databases) and stub methods appropriately
• Avoid over-mocking: test real behavior when feasible

Reduce Duplication

• Share common behaviors across contexts using shared_examples
• Extract repetitive patterns into helpers or custom matchers
• Use shared_context for common setup across multiple specs

Example Structure

RSpec.describe User, type: :model do
  subject { build(:user) }

  describe 'validations' do
    it { is_expected.to validate_presence_of(:email) }
    it { is_expected.to validate_uniqueness_of(:email) }
  end

  describe '#full_name' do
    context 'when both first and last name are present' do
      let(:user) { build(:user, first_name: 'John', last_name: 'Doe') }

      it 'returns the combined name' do
        expect(user.full_name).to eq('John Doe')
      end
    end

    context 'when last name is missing' do
      let(:user) { build(:user, first_name: 'John', last_name: nil) }

      it 'returns only the first name' do
        expect(user.full_name).to eq('John')
      end
    end
  end
end