---

name: monitoring-observability
description: Monitoring and observability strategy, implementation, and troubleshooting. Use for designing metrics/logs/traces systems, setting up Prometheus/Grafana/Loki, creating alerts and dashboards, calculating SLOs and error budgets, analyzing performance issues, and comparing monitoring tools (Datadog, ELK, CloudWatch). Covers the Four Golden Signals, RED/USE methods, OpenTelemetry instrumentation, log aggregation patterns, and distributed tracing.

---

Monitoring & Observability

Overview

This skill provides comprehensive guidance for monitoring and observability workflows including metrics design, log aggregation, distributed tracing, alerting strategies, SLO/SLA management, and tool selection.

When to use this skill:
- Setting up monitoring for new services
- Designing alerts and dashboards
- Troubleshooting performance issues
- Implementing SLO tracking and error budgets
- Choosing between monitoring tools
- Integrating OpenTelemetry instrumentation
- Analyzing metrics, logs, and traces
- Optimizing Datadog costs and finding waste
- Migrating from Datadog to open-source stack

---

Core Workflow: Observability Implementation

Use this decision tree to determine your starting point:

Are you setting up monitoring from scratch?
├─ YES → Start with "1. Design Metrics Strategy"
└─ NO → Do you have an existing issue?
    ├─ YES → Go to "9. Troubleshooting & Analysis"
    └─ NO → Are you improving existing monitoring?
        ├─ Alerts → Go to "3. Alert Design"
        ├─ Dashboards → Go to "4. Dashboard & Visualization"
        ├─ SLOs → Go to "5. SLO & Error Budgets"
        ├─ Tool selection → Read references/tool_comparison.md
        └─ Using Datadog? High costs? → Go to "7. Datadog Cost Optimization & Migration"

---

1. Design Metrics Strategy

Start with The Four Golden Signals

Every service should monitor:

1. Latency: Response time (p50, p95, p99)
2. Traffic: Requests per second
3. Errors: Failure rate
4. Saturation: Resource utilization

For request-driven services, use the RED Method:
- Rate: Requests/sec
- Errors: Error rate
- Duration: Response time

For infrastructure resources, use the USE Method:
- Utilization: % time busy
- Saturation: Queue depth
- Errors: Error count

Quick Start - Web Application Example:

# Rate (requests/sec)
sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m]))

# Errors (error rate %)
sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m]))
  /
sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) * 100

# Duration (p95 latency)
histogram_quantile(0.95,
  sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le)
)

Deep Dive: Metric Design

For comprehensive metric design guidance including:
- Metric types (counter, gauge, histogram, summary)
- Cardinality best practices
- Naming conventions
- Dashboard design principles

→ Read: references/metrics_design.md

Automated Metric Analysis

Detect anomalies and trends in your metrics:

# Analyze Prometheus metrics for anomalies
python3 scripts/analyze_metrics.py prometheus \
  --endpoint http://localhost:9090 \
  --query 'rate(http_requests_total[5m])' \
  --hours 24

# Analyze CloudWatch metrics
python3 scripts/analyze_metrics.py cloudwatch \
  --namespace AWS/EC2 \
  --metric CPUUtilization \
  --dimensions InstanceId=i-1234567890abcdef0 \
  --hours 48

→ Script: scripts/analyze_metrics.py

---

2. Log Aggregation & Analysis

Structured Logging Checklist

Every log entry should include:
- ✅ Timestamp (ISO 8601 format)
- ✅ Log level (DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR, FATAL)
- ✅ Message (human-readable)
- ✅ Service name
- ✅ Request ID (for tracing)

Example structured log (JSON):

{
  "timestamp": "2024-10-28T14:32:15Z",
  "level": "error",
  "message": "Payment processing failed",
  "service": "payment-service",
  "request_id": "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000",
  "user_id": "user123",
  "order_id": "ORD-456",
  "error_type": "GatewayTimeout",
  "duration_ms": 5000
}

Log Aggregation Patterns

ELK Stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana):
- Best for: Deep log analysis, complex queries
- Cost: High (infrastructure + operations)
- Complexity: High

Grafana Loki:
- Best for: Cost-effective logging, Kubernetes
- Cost: Low
- Complexity: Medium

CloudWatch Logs:
- Best for: AWS-centric applications
- Cost: Medium
- Complexity: Low

Log Analysis

Analyze logs for errors, patterns, and anomalies:

# Analyze log file for patterns
python3 scripts/log_analyzer.py application.log

# Show error lines with context
python3 scripts/log_analyzer.py application.log --show-errors

# Extract stack traces
python3 scripts/log_analyzer.py application.log --show-traces

→ Script: scripts/log_analyzer.py

Deep Dive: Logging

For comprehensive logging guidance including:
- Structured logging implementation examples (Python, Node.js, Go, Java)
- Log aggregation patterns (ELK, Loki, CloudWatch, Fluentd)
- Query patterns and best practices
- PII redaction and security
- Sampling and rate limiting

→ Read: references/logging_guide.md

---

3. Alert Design

Alert Design Principles

1. Every alert must be actionable - If you can't do something, don't alert
2. Alert on symptoms, not causes - Alert on user experience, not components
3. Tie alerts to SLOs - Connect to business impact
4. Reduce noise - Only page for critical issues

Alert Severity Levels

Severity	Response Time	Example
Critical	Page immediately	Service down, SLO violation
Warning	Ticket, review in hours	Elevated error rate, resource warning
Info	Log for awareness	Deployment completed, scaling event

Multi-Window Burn Rate Alerting

Alert when error budget is consumed too quickly:

# Fast burn (1h window) - Critical
- alert: ErrorBudgetFastBurn
  expr: |
    (error_rate / 0.001) > 14.4  # 99.9% SLO
  for: 2m
  labels:
    severity: critical

# Slow burn (6h window) - Warning
- alert: ErrorBudgetSlowBurn
  expr: |
    (error_rate / 0.001) > 6  # 99.9% SLO
  for: 30m
  labels:
    severity: warning

Alert Quality Checker

Audit your alert rules against best practices:

# Check single file
python3 scripts/alert_quality_checker.py alerts.yml

# Check all rules in directory
python3 scripts/alert_quality_checker.py /path/to/prometheus/rules/

Checks for:
- Alert naming conventions
- Required labels (severity, team)
- Required annotations (summary, description, runbook_url)
- PromQL expression quality
- 'for' clause to prevent flapping

→ Script: scripts/alert_quality_checker.py

Alert Templates

Production-ready alert rule templates:

→ Templates:
- assets/templates/prometheus-alerts/webapp-alerts.yml - Web application alerts
- assets/templates/prometheus-alerts/kubernetes-alerts.yml - Kubernetes alerts

Deep Dive: Alerting

For comprehensive alerting guidance including:
- Alert design patterns (multi-window, rate of change, threshold with hysteresis)
- Alert annotation best practices
- Alert routing (severity-based, team-based, time-based)
- Inhibition rules
- Runbook structure
- On-call best practices

→ Read: references/alerting_best_practices.md

Runbook Template

Create comprehensive runbooks for your alerts:

→ Template: assets/templates/runbooks/incident-runbook-template.md

---

4. Dashboard & Visualization

Dashboard Design Principles

1. Top-down layout: Most important metrics first
2. Color coding: Red (critical), yellow (warning), green (healthy)
3. Consistent time windows: All panels use same time range
4. Limit panels: 8-12 panels per dashboard maximum
5. Include context: Show related metrics together

Recommended Dashboard Structure

┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│  Overall Health (Single Stats)      │
│  [Requests/s] [Error%] [P95 Latency]│
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│  Request Rate & Errors (Graphs)     │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│  Latency Distribution (Graphs)      │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│  Resource Usage (Graphs)            │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘

Generate Grafana Dashboards

Automatically generate dashboards from templates:

# Web application dashboard
python3 scripts/dashboard_generator.py webapp \
  --title "My API Dashboard" \
  --service my_api \
  --output dashboard.json

# Kubernetes dashboard
python3 scripts/dashboard_generator.py kubernetes \
  --title "K8s Production" \
  --namespace production \
  --output k8s-dashboard.json

# Database dashboard
python3 scripts/dashboard_generator.py database \
  --title "PostgreSQL" \
  --db-type postgres \
  --instance db.example.com:5432 \
  --output db-dashboard.json

Supports:
- Web applications (requests, errors, latency, resources)
- Kubernetes (pods, nodes, resources, network)
- Databases (PostgreSQL, MySQL)

→ Script: scripts/dashboard_generator.py

---

5. SLO & Error Budgets

SLO Fundamentals

SLI (Service Level Indicator): Measurement of service quality
- Example: Request latency, error rate, availability

SLO (Service Level Objective): Target value for an SLI
- Example: "99.9% of requests return in < 500ms"

Error Budget: Allowed failure amount = (100% - SLO)
- Example: 99.9% SLO = 0.1% error budget = 43.2 minutes/month

Common SLO Targets

Availability	Downtime/Month	Use Case
99%	7.2 hours	Internal tools
99.9%	43.2 minutes	Standard production
99.95%	21.6 minutes	Critical services
99.99%	4.3 minutes	High availability

SLO Calculator

Calculate compliance, error budgets, and burn rates:

# Show SLO reference table
python3 scripts/slo_calculator.py --table

# Calculate availability SLO
python3 scripts/slo_calculator.py availability \
  --slo 99.9 \
  --total-requests 1000000 \
  --failed-requests 1500 \
  --period-days 30

# Calculate burn rate
python3 scripts/slo_calculator.py burn-rate \
  --slo 99.9 \
  --errors 50 \
  --requests 10000 \
  --window-hours 1

→ Script: scripts/slo_calculator.py

Deep Dive: SLO/SLA

For comprehensive SLO/SLA guidance including:
- Choosing appropriate SLIs
- Setting realistic SLO targets
- Error budget policies
- Burn rate alerting
- SLA structure and contracts
- Monthly reporting templates

→ Read: references/slo_sla_guide.md

---

6. Distributed Tracing

When to Use Tracing

Use distributed tracing when you need to:
- Debug performance issues across services
- Understand request flow through microservices
- Identify bottlenecks in distributed systems
- Find N+1 query problems

OpenTelemetry Implementation

Python example:

from opentelemetry import trace

tracer = trace.get_tracer(__name__)

@tracer.start_as_current_span("process_order")
def process_order(order_id):
    span = trace.get_current_span()
    span.set_attribute("order.id", order_id)

    try:
        result = payment_service.charge(order_id)
        span.set_attribute("payment.status", "success")
        return result
    except Exception as e:
        span.set_status(trace.Status(trace.StatusCode.ERROR))
        span.record_exception(e)
        raise

Sampling Strategies

• Development: 100% (ALWAYS_ON)
• Staging: 50-100%
• Production: 1-10% (or error-based sampling)

Error-based sampling (always sample errors, 1% of successes):

class ErrorSampler(Sampler):
    def should_sample(self, parent_context, trace_id, name, **kwargs):
        attributes = kwargs.get('attributes', {})

        if attributes.get('error', False):
            return Decision.RECORD_AND_SAMPLE

        if trace_id & 0xFF < 3:  # ~1%
            return Decision.RECORD_AND_SAMPLE

        return Decision.DROP

OTel Collector Configuration

Production-ready OpenTelemetry Collector configuration:

→ Template: assets/templates/otel-config/collector-config.yaml

Features:
- Receives OTLP, Prometheus, and host metrics
- Batching and memory limiting
- Tail sampling (error-based, latency-based, probabilistic)
- Multiple exporters (Tempo, Jaeger, Loki, Prometheus, CloudWatch, Datadog)

Deep Dive: Tracing

For comprehensive tracing guidance including:
- OpenTelemetry instrumentation (Python, Node.js, Go, Java)
- Span attributes and semantic conventions
- Context propagation (W3C Trace Context)
- Backend comparison (Jaeger, Tempo, X-Ray, Datadog APM)
- Analysis patterns (finding slow traces, N+1 queries)
- Integration with logs

→ Read: references/tracing_guide.md

---

7. Datadog Cost Optimization & Migration

Scenario 1: I'm Using Datadog and Costs Are Too High

If your Datadog bill is growing out of control, start by identifying waste:

Cost Analysis Script

Automatically analyze your Datadog usage and find cost optimization opportunities:

# Analyze Datadog usage (requires API key and APP key)
python3 scripts/datadog_cost_analyzer.py \
  --api-key $DD_API_KEY \
  --app-key $DD_APP_KEY

# Show detailed breakdown by category
python3 scripts/datadog_cost_analyzer.py \
  --api-key $DD_API_KEY \
  --app-key $DD_APP_KEY \
  --show-details

What it checks:
- Infrastructure host count and cost
- Custom metrics usage and high-cardinality metrics
- Log ingestion volume and trends
- APM host usage
- Unused or noisy monitors
- Container vs VM optimization opportunities

→ Script: scripts/datadog_cost_analyzer.py

Common Cost Optimization Strategies

1. Custom Metrics Optimization (typical savings: 20-40%):
- Remove high-cardinality tags (user IDs, request IDs)
- Delete unused custom metrics
- Aggregate metrics before sending
- Use metric prefixes to identify teams/services

2. Log Management (typical savings: 30-50%):
- Implement log sampling for high-volume services
- Use exclusion filters for debug/trace logs in production
- Archive cold logs to S3/GCS after 7 days
- Set log retention policies (15 days instead of 30)

3. APM Optimization (typical savings: 15-25%):
- Reduce trace sampling rates (10% → 5% in prod)
- Use head-based sampling instead of complete sampling
- Remove APM from non-critical services
- Use trace search with lower retention

4. Infrastructure Monitoring (typical savings: 10-20%):
- Switch from VM-based to container-based pricing where possible
- Remove agents from ephemeral instances
- Use Datadog's host reduction strategies
- Consolidate staging environments

Scenario 2: Migrating Away from Datadog

If you're considering migrating to a more cost-effective open-source stack:

Migration Overview

From Datadog → To Open Source Stack:
- Metrics: Datadog → Prometheus + Grafana
- Logs: Datadog Logs → Grafana Loki
- Traces: Datadog APM → Tempo or Jaeger
- Dashboards: Datadog → Grafana
- Alerts: Datadog Monitors → Prometheus Alertmanager

Estimated Cost Savings: 60-77% ($49.8k-61.8k/year for 100-host environment)

Migration Strategy

Phase 1: Run Parallel (Month 1-2):
- Deploy open-source stack alongside Datadog
- Migrate metrics first (lowest risk)
- Validate data accuracy

Phase 2: Migrate Dashboards & Alerts (Month 2-3):
- Convert Datadog dashboards to Grafana
- Translate alert rules (use DQL → PromQL guide below)
- Train team on new tools

Phase 3: Migrate Logs & Traces (Month 3-4):
- Set up Loki for log aggregation
- Deploy Tempo/Jaeger for tracing
- Update application instrumentation

Phase 4: Decommission Datadog (Month 4-5):
- Confirm all functionality migrated
- Cancel Datadog subscription

Query Translation: DQL → PromQL

When migrating dashboards and alerts, you'll need to translate Datadog queries to PromQL:

Quick examples:

# Average CPU
Datadog: avg:system.cpu.user{*}
Prometheus: avg(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode="user"})

# Request rate
Datadog: sum:requests.count{*}.as_rate()
Prometheus: sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m]))

# P95 latency
Datadog: p95:request.duration{*}
Prometheus: histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le))

# Error rate percentage
Datadog: (sum:requests.errors{*}.as_rate() / sum:requests.count{*}.as_rate()) * 100
Prometheus: (sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m])) / sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m]))) * 100

→ Full Translation Guide: references/dql_promql_translation.md

Cost Comparison

Example: 100-host infrastructure

Component	Datadog (Annual)	Open Source (Annual)	Savings
Infrastructure	$18,000	$10,000 (self-hosted infra)	$8,000
Custom Metrics	$600	Included	$600
Logs	$24,000	$3,000 (storage)	$21,000
APM/Traces	$37,200	$5,000 (storage)	$32,200
Total	$79,800	$18,000	$61,800 (77%)

Deep Dive: Datadog Migration

For comprehensive migration guidance including:
- Detailed cost comparison and ROI calculations
- Step-by-step migration instructions
- Infrastructure sizing recommendations (CPU, RAM, storage)
- Dashboard conversion tools and examples
- Alert rule translation patterns
- Application instrumentation changes (DogStatsD → Prometheus client)
- Python scripts for exporting Datadog dashboards and monitors
- Common challenges and solutions

→ Read: references/datadog_migration.md

---

8. Tool Selection & Comparison

Decision Matrix

Choose Prometheus + Grafana if:
- ✅ Using Kubernetes
- ✅ Want control and customization
- ✅ Have ops capacity
- ✅ Budget-conscious

Choose Datadog if:
- ✅ Want ease of use
- ✅ Need full observability now
- ✅ Budget allows ($8k+/month for 100 hosts)

Choose Grafana Stack (LGTM) if:
- ✅ Want open source full stack
- ✅ Cost-effective solution
- ✅ Cloud-native architecture

Choose ELK Stack if:
- ✅ Heavy log analysis needs
- ✅ Need powerful search
- ✅ Have dedicated ops team

Choose Cloud Native (CloudWatch/etc) if:
- ✅ Single cloud provider
- ✅ Simple needs
- ✅ Want minimal setup

Cost Comparison (100 hosts, 1TB logs/month)

Solution	Monthly Cost	Setup	Ops Burden
Prometheus + Loki + Tempo	$1,500	Medium	Medium
Grafana Cloud	$3,000	Low	Low
Datadog	$8,000	Low	None
ELK Stack	$4,000	High	High
CloudWatch	$2,000	Low	Low

Deep Dive: Tool Comparison

For comprehensive tool comparison including:
- Metrics platforms (Prometheus, Datadog, New Relic, CloudWatch, Grafana Cloud)
- Logging platforms (ELK, Loki, Splunk, CloudWatch Logs, Sumo Logic)
- Tracing platforms (Jaeger, Tempo, Datadog APM, X-Ray)
- Full-stack observability comparison
- Recommendations by company size

→ Read: references/tool_comparison.md

---

9. Troubleshooting & Analysis

Health Check Validation

Validate health check endpoints against best practices:

# Check single endpoint
python3 scripts/health_check_validator.py https://api.example.com/health

# Check multiple endpoints
python3 scripts/health_check_validator.py \
  https://api.example.com/health \
  https://api.example.com/readiness \
  --verbose

Checks for:
- ✓ Returns 200 status code
- ✓ Response time < 1 second
- ✓ Returns JSON format
- ✓ Contains 'status' field
- ✓ Includes version/build info
- ✓ Checks dependencies
- ✓ Disables caching

→ Script: scripts/health_check_validator.py

Common Troubleshooting Workflows

High Latency Investigation:
1. Check dashboards for latency spike
2. Query traces for slow operations
3. Check database slow query log
4. Check external API response times
5. Review recent deployments
6. Check resource utilization (CPU, memory)

High Error Rate Investigation:
1. Check error logs for patterns
2. Identify affected endpoints
3. Check dependency health
4. Review recent deployments
5. Check resource limits
6. Verify configuration

Service Down Investigation:
1. Check if pods/instances are running
2. Check health check endpoint
3. Review recent deployments
4. Check resource availability
5. Check network connectivity
6. Review logs for startup errors

---

Quick Reference Commands

Prometheus Queries

# Request rate
sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m]))

# Error rate
sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m]))
  /
sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) * 100

# P95 latency
histogram_quantile(0.95,
  sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le)
)

# CPU usage
100 - (avg(rate(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode="idle"}[5m])) * 100)

# Memory usage
(1 - (node_memory_MemAvailable_bytes / node_memory_MemTotal_bytes)) * 100

Kubernetes Commands

# Check pod status
kubectl get pods -n <namespace>

# View pod logs
kubectl logs -f <pod-name> -n <namespace>

# Check pod resources
kubectl top pods -n <namespace>

# Describe pod for events
kubectl describe pod <pod-name> -n <namespace>

# Check recent deployments
kubectl rollout history deployment/<name> -n <namespace>

Log Queries

Elasticsearch:

GET /logs-*/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": [
        { "match": { "level": "error" } },
        { "range": { "@timestamp": { "gte": "now-1h" } } }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Loki (LogQL):

{job="app", level="error"} |= "error" | json

CloudWatch Insights:

fields @timestamp, level, message
| filter level = "error"
| filter @timestamp > ago(1h)

---

Resources Summary

Scripts (automation and analysis)

• analyze_metrics.py - Detect anomalies in Prometheus/CloudWatch metrics
• alert_quality_checker.py - Audit alert rules against best practices
• slo_calculator.py - Calculate SLO compliance and error budgets
• log_analyzer.py - Parse logs for errors and patterns
• dashboard_generator.py - Generate Grafana dashboards from templates
• health_check_validator.py - Validate health check endpoints
• datadog_cost_analyzer.py - Analyze Datadog usage and find cost waste

References (deep-dive documentation)

• metrics_design.md - Four Golden Signals, RED/USE methods, metric types
• alerting_best_practices.md - Alert design, runbooks, on-call practices
• logging_guide.md - Structured logging, aggregation patterns
• tracing_guide.md - OpenTelemetry, distributed tracing
• slo_sla_guide.md - SLI/SLO/SLA definitions, error budgets
• tool_comparison.md - Comprehensive comparison of monitoring tools
• datadog_migration.md - Complete guide for migrating from Datadog to OSS stack
• dql_promql_translation.md - Datadog Query Language to PromQL translation reference

Templates (ready-to-use configurations)

• prometheus-alerts/webapp-alerts.yml - Production-ready web app alerts
• prometheus-alerts/kubernetes-alerts.yml - Kubernetes monitoring alerts
• otel-config/collector-config.yaml - OpenTelemetry Collector configuration
• runbooks/incident-runbook-template.md - Incident response template

---

Best Practices

Metrics

• Start with Four Golden Signals
• Use appropriate metric types (counter, gauge, histogram)
• Keep cardinality low (avoid high-cardinality labels)
• Follow naming conventions

Logging

• Use structured logging (JSON)
• Include request IDs for tracing
• Set appropriate log levels
• Redact PII before logging

Alerting

• Make every alert actionable
• Alert on symptoms, not causes
• Use multi-window burn rate alerts
• Include runbook links

Tracing

• Sample appropriately (1-10% in production)
• Always record errors
• Use semantic conventions
• Propagate context between services

SLOs

• Start with current performance
• Set realistic targets
• Define error budget policies
• Review and adjust quarterly